CHEMICAL AND BIO-THERMODYNAMICS-SUPPLY JUN 2009

Code No: RR212305 Set No. 1
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, May/Jun 2009
CHEMICAL AND BIO-THERMODYNAMICS
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. A gas is confined in a cylinder by a piston, 2 in. in diameter, on which rests
a “weight”. The mass of the piston and weight together is 8 lbm. The local
acceleration of gravity is 32.00 ft/sec2. Assume standard atmospheric pressure.
(a) What is the force exerted on the gas by the atmosphere, the piston, and the
weight in pounds force, assuming no friction between the piston and cylinder?
(b) What is the pressure of the gas in pounds force per square inch?
(c) If the gas in the cylinder is heated, it will expand, pushing the piston and
weight upward. Assuming that enough heat is supplied to raise the piston
and weight 8 in., calculate the work done by the gas in raising the piston and
weight. What is the change in potential energy of the piston and weight? Give
your answers in foot-pounds force. [4+4+8]
2. Write short notes:
(a) Explain with a schematic diagram the adsorption refrigeration machine.
(b) Write about liquefaction processes. [8+8]
3. Determine expressions for GR,HR and SR implied by the van der Waals equation
of state. [16]
4. A stream of nitrogen flowing at the rate of 2kg/sec and a stream of hydrogen flowing
at the rate of 0.5kg/sec mix adiabatically in a steady-flow process. If the gases are
assumed ideal, what is the rate of entropy increase as a result of the process? [16]
5. Explain the relation between equilibrium and stability in a closed system. [16]
6. Consider a vessel which initially contains only n0 mol of water vapour .If decom-
position occurs according to the reaction.
H2O ! H2 + 1/2O2
Find expression which relate the number of moles and the mole fraction of each
chemical species to the reaction co-ordinate ε [16]
7. EMP pathway and lipid synthesis. [16]
8. (a) The growth of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be given by the follow-
ing overall stoichiometry equation
C6H12O6(aq) + 0.188NH3! 0.590 CH1.737N0.2O0.451+ 0.432 C H3 H8O3
+1.54 C02(aq) + 1.30 C2H50H (aq) + 0.036 H20 (1)
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Code No: RR212305 Set No. 1

G0= - 167.9 MJ/Kmol.
Give a schematic representation of the fermentation process.
(b) Humid air enriched with oxygen is prepared for gluconic acid fermentation.
The air is prepared in a special humidifying chamber 1.5 lit/h liquid water
enters the chamber at the same time as dry air, and 15 g-moles/min dry
oxygen gas. All the water is evaporated. The out flowing gas is found to
contain 1% (w/w) of water. Draw and label the flow sheet for the process.
[16]
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Code No: RR212305 Set No. 2
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, May/Jun 2009
CHEMICAL AND BIO-THERMODYNAMICS
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. (a) Write about the phase rule for homogeneous substances.
(b) Write about heat capacity and specific heat. [8+8]
2. Write short notes: [4x4=16]
(a) Explain the Carnot refrigeration cycle.
(b) Write about the air refrigeration cycle.
(c) Compare the refrigeration cycles.
(d) Write about the choice of refrigerant.
3. Show that for a gas obeying the equation of state PV (1-bP)=RT,
(a) △G=RT In [P2(1 − bP1)/P1(1 − bP2)]
(b) △A=RT In [P2(1 − bP1)/P1(1 − bP2)] − RT/(1 − bP2) + RT/(1 − bP1) [8+8]
4. A stream of nitrogen flowing at the rate of 2kg/sec and a stream of hydrogen flowing
at the rate of 0.5kg/sec mix adiabatically in a steady-flow process. If the gases are
assumed ideal, what is the rate of entropy increase as a result of the process? [16]
5. The Stability criteria apply to a particular phase. However, there is nothing to
preclude their application to problems in phase equilibria,where the phase of interest
(e.g; a liquid mixture) is in equilibrium with another phase (e.g; a vapour mixture).
Considerbinary isothermal vapour/liquid equilibria at pressures low enough that the
vapour phase may be considered an ideal-gas mixture.what are the implications of
liquid-phase stability to the features of isothermal P-X-Y diagrams. [16]
6. Determine the number of degrees of freedom F for each of the following systems.
(a) A system of two miscible Non reacting species which exists as an azeotrope in
vapour/liquid equilibrium.
(b) A system prepared by partially decomposing CaCo3 into an evacuated space.
(c) A system prepared by partially decomposing NH4Cl into an evacuated space.
(d) A system consisting of the gases CO, CO2, H2, H2O, and CH4 in chemical
equilibrium. [4+4+4+4]
7. (a) Explain the Gaden classification from stoichiometric point of view the product
formation in fermentation processes.
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Code No: RR212305 Set No. 2
(b) The following stoichiometric equation describes penicillin systhesis
1.5Glucose+H2SO4+2NH3 + phenyl acetate→ Pencillium G + CO2+8H2O
the theoretical yield of pencillium is 1.2g/(gram of glucose). Find out the
molecular weight of pencillium G. [8+8]
8. Explain the Equations that can be solved to determine the stoichiometric coefficient.
[16]
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Code No: RR212305 Set No. 3
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, May/Jun 2009
CHEMICAL AND BIO-THERMODYNAMICS
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. (a) Explain the PVT relationships with a neat diagrams. Indicate the triple point.
(b) Write the Virial equation of state, and define the compressibility factor.[8+8]
2. Write short notes: [4x4=16]
(a) Explain the Carnot refrigeration cycle.
(b) Write about the air refrigeration cycle.
(c) Compare the refrigeration cycles.
(d) Write about the choice of refrigerant.
3. (a) Show that for a gas obeying the Vander Walls equation (∂Cv/∂V)T = 0
(b) A gas is found to obey the equation of state P(V-b)=RT. Show that its Cp
does not change with changes in pressure at constant temperature. [8+8]
4. For the following determine the ration of the fugacity in the final state to that in
the initial state for steam undergoing the isothermal change of state: From 9,000
kPa and 4000 C to 300 kPa. [16]
5. Explain in detail about the P,T-flash calculations. [16]
6. Consider a vessel which initially contains only n0 mol of water vapour .If decom-
position occurs according to the reaction.
H2O ! H2 + 1/2O2
Find expression which relate the number of moles and the mole fraction of each
chemical species to the reaction co-ordinate ε [16]
7. Explain in detail how EMP pathway can be used in five different pathways. [16]
8. Write Short notes
(a) Degree of Reduction
(b) Stoichiometric coefficients [8+8]
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Code No: RR212305 Set No. 4
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, May/Jun 2009
CHEMICAL AND BIO-THERMODYNAMICS
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Pressures up to 3000 atm are to be measured with a dead-weight gauge. The piston
diameter is to be 1/8 in. What is the approximate total mass of “weights”which
must be provided for use with this guage? [8+8]
2. Steam is flowing through a horizontal, well-insulated 3-in. - ID iron pipe, 1500 ft
long. The velocity at the entrance to the pipe, where the steam is dry and saturated
at 150 psia, is 100 ft/sec. The steam discharges from the exit of the pipe into an
adiabatic reversible turbine which exhausts at 14.7 psia. The steam leaving the
turbine is in the dry-saturated condition.
(a) Calculate the horsepower produced by the turbine.
(b) Represent by a sketch on T-S plane the change in the state of the steam as it
flows through the pipe and the turbine.
(c) What is the state of the steam entering the turbine? [6+6+4]
3. Water at 450C and 10 kPa enters an adiabatic pump and is discharged at a pressure
of 8600 kPa. Assume the pump efficiency to be 75%. Calculate the work of the
pump, the temperature change of the water and the entropy change of the water.
Saturated liquid water properties at 450C are : V = 1, 010cm3 kg−1, β = 425 ×
10−6K−1and CP = 4.178kJkg−1K−1 [16]
4. (a) Write the interrelationships between partial properties.
(b) The enthalpy of a binary liquid system of species 1 and 2 at fixed T and P is
represented by
H = 400x1 + 600x2 + x1x2(40x1 + 20x2)
Where H is in J mol−1. Determine the expressions for the partial molar
enthalpies of the species 1 and 2 as a function of x1, and numerical values for
the pure species enthalpies at infinite dilution. [8+8]
5. Develop equations that apply to the limiting case of binary LLE for which the ?
phase is very dilute in species 1 and the β phase is very dilute in species 2. [16]
6. The water-gas-shift reaction;
CO(g) + H2O(g) − − − − − −CO2(g) + H2(g)
Is carrier out under the different sets of conditions described below? Calculate the
fraction of steam reacted in each case. Assume the mixture behave as an ideal gas.
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Code No: RR212305 Set No. 4
(a) The reactants consist of 1 mol of H2O vapour and 1 mol of CO. The temper-
ature is 1100K and the pressure is 1 bar.
(b) Same as (a) except that the pressure is 10bar.
(c) Same as (a) accept that 2 Mol of N2 is included in the reactants.
(d) The reactants are 2 mol of H2O and 1 mol of CO. other conditions are the
same as in
(e) The reactants are 1 mol of H2O and 2 mol of CO. other conditions are the
same as in
(f) The initial mixture consists of 1mol of H2O, 1 mol of CO, and 1 Mol of CO2
other conditions are the same as in (a).
(g) Same as (a) except that the temperature is 1650K. [3+3+2+2+2+2+2]
7. Explain the relation between EMP pathway and Respiratory chain. [16]
8. Some microorganismsm exhibit growth inhibition in the presence of excess oxygen.
Assuming that the growth dependence on oxygen can be represented by
μ = μm.C02L
K02+C02L+(C2
02L/K1)
Where K02 is oxygen saturation constant
K1is inhibition constant
C02,L is the dissolved oxygen concentration
Show that the specific growth rate (μ) reaches a maximum value ( 6= μm) at a
dissolved oxygen concentration of C02,L = [K02.KI ]1/2 [16]
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