How to Prepare for the TOEFL: Test of English As a Foreign language

How to Prepare for the
T.O.E.F.L.: Test of English As a Foreign Language
Author: Pamela Sharpe
Publisher: Barron’s Educational Series
Date: 2004-06-01
Pages: 720
Size: 10×28.6 + 1×8.8 Mb
This new 11th edition offers complete and up-to date preparation for the Paper-Based TOEFL and the Computer-Based TOEFL, with a preview of the Next Generation TOEFL test. There is extensive practice-even for students who don’t have access to a computer. The manual includes a review chapter for each section of the TOEFL, including the new Speaking Section, and presents nine full-length model tests for the Computer-Based TOEFL, with questions answered and explained, along with one full-length model test for the Next Generation TOEFL and a practice test for the TOEFL Academic Speaking Test (TAST), with example answers. This compact disc-and-book package provides the audio versions for the Listening Comprehension sections of all model tests
links:
part 1:http://rapidshare.com/files/8663301/BARRONS_TOEFL.part01.rar.html
part 2:http://rapidshare.com/files/8663297/BARRONS_TOEFL.part02.rar.html
part 3:http://rapidshare.com/files/8663303/BARRONS_TOEFL.part03.rar.html
part 4:http://rapidshare.com/files/8663287/BARRONS_TOEFL.part04.rar.html
part 5:http://rapidshare.com/files/8663376/BARRONS_TOEFL.part05.rar.html
part 6:http://rapidshare.com/files/8663311/BARRONS_TOEFL.part06.rar.html
part 7:http://rapidshare.com/files/8663309/BARRONS_TOEFL.part07.rar.html
part 8:http://rapidshare.com/files/8663319/BARRONS_TOEFL.part08.rar.html
part 9:http://rapidshare.com/files/8663372/BARRONS_TOEFL.part09.rar.html
part 10:http://rapidshare.com/files/8663294/BARRONS_TOEFL.part10.rar.html
part 11:http://rapidshare.com/files/8663282/BARRONS_TOEFL.part11.rar.html

Barron's How to Prepare for the TOEFL 10th Edition

Barron's How to Prepare for the TOEFL - CDROM - 10th Editioninteractive CDROM iso language: english 2 x 100 + 95,7 MB
The CD-ROM package presents a practice TOEFL exam in a computer adaptive format, in addition to eight on-screen model tests for the Computer-Based TOEFL and one on-screen model test for the Next Generation TOEFL. The audio compact discs, cassette tapes, or computer CD-ROM may be purchased as separate items.Although this is 10th. ed., you can follow the excercises in the same way, as they are of similar kind.

It is an iso file, so you have to burn to a CD or open with Winiso or similar, then just double click on TOEFL.exe


links:
part 1:http://rapidshare.com/files/51780526/Tef_B_HTP_xyp.part1.rar
part:2http://rapidshare.com/files/51790399/Tef_B_HTP_xyp.part2.rar
part 3:http://rapidshare.com/files/51799909/Tef_B_HTP_xyp.part3.rar

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-SUPPLY 2K8

Code No: R05222303 Set No. 1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Represent a melting curve of a double helix DNA and explain it in detail? [16]
2. Write a note on the famous Messelson & Stahl experiment on proving semi conser-
vative mode of DNA replication. [16]
3. What is the mechanism & importance of “proof reading” function of DNA poly-
merase in DNA replication? [16]
4. With respect to tRNA structure, explain:
(a) Stems& loops
(b) Anticodon arm. [2 × 8 = 16]
5. Which are the different types of rRNA associated with eukaryotic ribosome? How
are these synthesized? [16]
6. How are Wobble hypothesis and the genetic code correlated with each other? [16]
7. How is the process of eukaryotic process of translation different from prokaryotic
process. [16]
8. With context to mutations, what is meant by: [2 × 8 = 16]
(a) Base substitutions
(b) Insertions and deletions.
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: R05222303 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Which form of DNA exists as the natural form present in living cells? Explain in
detail. [16]
2. What is meant by “rolling circle” form of DNA replication? Give an example. [16]
3. What is meant by ‘end replication problem’ in DNA synthesis? Discuss the role of
telomase in it. [16]
4. How are eukaryotic and prokaryotic RNA polymerases different from each other?
[16]
5. What is the relevance of intron and exon sequences with respect to the final mRNA
formation in eukaryotic posttranscriptional processing? [16]
6. Explain how the genetic information present in the mRNA is decoded into amino
acid sequence during the process of translation? [16]
7. What are post transnational modifications? Give some examples. [16]
8. Briefly explain the different DNA repair mechanisms existing in a cell. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: R05222303 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. what is the primary structure of DNA? Explain in detail. [16]
2. Write a note on the famous Messelson & Stahl experiment on proving semi conser-
vative mode of DNA replication. [16]
3. Discuss about the various enzymes involved in carrying out the process of the DNA
replication. [16]
4. Discuss about the different types of RNA and the RNA Polymerases, which are
involved in synthesizing them. [16]
5. Write a note on how tRNA is produced by processing larger pre-tRNA transcript.
[16]
6. How are Wobble hypothesis and the genetic code correlated with each other? [16]
7. Explain how conjugation is a process through which genetic recombination is pos-
sible in bacteria? [16]
8. With reference to acting as mutagens, explain: [2 × 8 = 16]
(a) Uv irradiation
(b) Ionizing radiation.
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: R05222303 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. What are the main functions of DNA in a living cell? [16]
2. How does DNA replication occur in Mitochondria DNA? [16]
3. What are Telomers in DNA? How do they replicate. [16]
4. Write notes on:
(a) Prokaryotic RNA polymarase
(b) Eukaryotic RNA polymarase. [2 × 8 = 16]
5. Explain the sequence by which introns are removed from a eukaryotic pre-mRNA.
[16]
6. Elaborate the statement “Genetic code is a triplet, redundant, nonoverlapping &
comma free code”. [16]
7. Write short notes on: [2 × 8 = 16]
(a) tRNA as an adaptor molecule
(b) Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes.
8. With reference to acting as mutagens, explain: [2 × 8 = 16]
(a) Uv irradiation
(b) Ionizing radiation.
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-SUPPLY 2K8

Code No: RR222305 Set No. 1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. What is hybridization? What is the chemical basis of molecular hybridization?
[16]
2. DNA replication is bi-directional. What would the replication bubble look like
(using the same labeling regimen as discussed in class) if replication was unidirec-
tional? [16]
3. Write the differences between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic RNA polymerases and
their mechnism? [16]
4. Describe the following terms: Transcription, translation, promoter. [16]
5. What are mutagens? Classify the radiation, chemical mutagens that are affecting
the organisms. [16]
6. Write a note of Benzer’s fine structure analysis of the rII locus of T4 bacteriophage.
[16]
7. Describe the basis for chromosome mapping in the Hfr × F− crosses. [16]
8. What differenciates specialized, generalized and Abortive transduction processes?
[16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222305 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. In what component parts do DNA and RNA differs? [16]
2. What are the differences between continuous and discontinuous DNA replication?
Why does it exist? [16]
3. How does this RNA act as an RNA polymerase? What are the reactions? How
does it differ from a protein RNA polymerase? How is it similar? [16]
4. Discuss the role of the promoter and ribosome sites in regulating gene expression.
[16]
5. Write short notes on
(a) Thymine dimers
(b) Error prone Repair [16]
6. Write a note of Benzer’s fine structure analysis of the rII locus of T4 bacteriophage.
[16]
7. How do you map the chromosome in Hfr bacteria? [16]
8. What are the differences among ans IS elements, a transposon, an intron and a
plasmid. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222305 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. What were the features of the DNA molecule described by Watson and Crick? Are
these features the same for all DNA molecules? [16]
2. DNA replication is bi-directional. What would the replication bubble look like
(using the same labeling regimen as discussed in class) if replication was unidirectional?
[16]
3. What processing events occur with prokaryotic mRNA? [16]
4. Describe the following terms: Transcription, translation, promoter. [16]
5. Write an essay that describes mutations. [16]
6. A point mutation occurs in a particular gene. Describe the types of mutational
events that can restore a functional protein, including intergenic events. Consider
missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutation. [16]
7. Describe the conditions under which genetic recombination may occur in
bacteriophage? [16]
8. Write a note on Virus - mediated bacterial DNA transfer. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222305 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. What were the features of the DNA molecule described by Watson and Crick? Are
these features the same for all DNA molecules? [16]
2. compare conservative, semiconservative and dispersive modes of DNA replication.
[16]
3. What are the general principles underlying all splicing mechanisms? [16]
4. Why would isoleucine be less likely to occur in a beta turn than in a beta strand?
[16]
5. Contrast and compare the mutagenic effects of deaminating agents, alkylating
agents and base analogous. [16]
6. Write a note on molecular structure of eukaryotic gene. [16]
7. Describe the mechanism of transformation process. [16]
8. Outline the steps involved in the replication of a lytic bacteriophage. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-SUPPLY 2K7

Code No: R05222303 Set No. 1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. What does “right handed helix” & “left handed helix” mean? Explain taking
suitable examples. [16]
2. How does rolling circle replication produce multimers of a replicon? [16]
3. How is the lagging strand synthesis different from the leading strand synthesis in
DNA replication? [16]
4. Justify the statement “there are different types of rRNA found in ribosome” [16]
5. Using suitable examples explain how they are acting as inhibitors of transcription.
[16]
6. What is meant by “Wobble hypothesis”? Explain its connection to the genetic
code. [16]
7. How is the initiation of translation process occurring in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Elaborate briefly. [16]
8. Write short notes on [2 × 8 = 16]
(a) Thiamine dimmers and photo reactivation
(b) Excision type of DNA repair
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: R05222303 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. What does “right handed helix” & “left handed helix” mean? Explain taking
suitable examples. [16]
2. Using neat diagrams explain a circular chromosome undergoing bi-directional semi
conservative replication. [16]
3. Explain the process of DNA replication in detail. [16]
4. Discuss in detail the structure of the organelles functioning as sites of protein
synthesis. [16]
5. Using suitable examples explain how they are acting as inhibitors of transcription.
[16]
6. In the genetic code, how can one justify the presence of 64 codons coding for only
20 amino acids. [16]
7. Once a protein is synthesized, can it be modified? Justify your answer giving
suitable examples. [16]
8. With the help of a neat diagram explain how the process of site directed mutagenesis
is done. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: R05222303 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Write a note on the different forms of the double helix DNA and elaborate on “B”
form. [16]
2. How does the bacteriophage ×174 replicate through rolling circle mechanism?
[16]
3. What is meant by ‘end replication problem’ in DNA synthesis? Discuss the role of
telomase in it. [16]
4. Write about the different types of ribonucleic acids. [16]
5. Where does the synthesis & processing of pre-rRNA occur? Explain the process.
[16]
6. Write briefly about the steps of initiation, elongation and termination in the process
of prokaryotic translation. [16]
7. What are post transnational modifications? Give some examples. [16]
8. How is reverse genetics approach used to study a gene function? [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: R05222303 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Explain how GC base pair content of a ds DNA affects the melting temperature
Tm. [16]
2. With respect to DNA replication, explain
(a) Origin of replication
(b) Replication fork
(c) Bidirectional replication
(d) Semi-conservative replication. [4 × 4 = 16]
3. How does DNA replication proceed in the 5’ − > 3’ polarity parental DNA strand?
[16]
4. Give a step-by-step description of the process of Transcription. [16]
5. Describe briefly about the posttranscriptional processing occurring in eukaryotic
mRNA. [16]
6. In the genetic code, how can one justify the presence of 64 codons coding for only
20 amino acids. [16]
7. With context to gene transfer mechanisms, explain [2 × 8 = 16]
(a) Transduction
(b) Conjugation
8. Explain how base analogs and alkylating agents act as chemical mutagens in in-
duced mutations. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-SUPPLY 2K6

Code No: RR222305 Set No. 1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2006
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. What is the relationship between nucleosomes, 30 nm fibers and the scaffold struc-
ture with respect to the organization of DNA in the nucleus? [16]
2. Why is the 3’OH group on the ribose ring so important for DNA and RNA synthe-
sis? [16]
3. Eukaryotic mRNA is usually monocistronic. What does this mean? Why is this
the case for eukaryotes, whereas polycistronic mRNA is often found in prokaryotes?
[16]
4. Describe the following terms ribosome binding site, RNA polymerase, tRNA syn-
thetases. [16]
5. Write short notes on
(a) Thymine dimers
(b) Error prone Repair [16]
6. Describe the Ames assay for screening potential environmental mutagens. Why is
it though that a compound that tests positively in the Ames assay may also be
carcinogenic? [16]
7. Describe the basis for chromosome mapping in the Hfr × F− crosses. [16]
8. What are the differences among ans IS elements, a transposon, an intron and a
plasmid. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222305 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2006
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. What are the roles of RNA primers and Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?
[16]
2. Describe Meselson-Stahl experiment. [16]
3. Write the following
(a) RNA Pol “basal” factors
(b) .RNA Pol “Transcription factors”? [16]
4. Write briefly on the different types of protein that exists. [16]
5. What is significantly different about the type of DNA “damage” repaired by mis-
match repair compared to other types of DNA damage? [16]
6. Write a note on microbial testing that are widely used in industrial research.
[16]
7. What is the role of Rec protein in bacterial recombination? [16]
8. Describe lysis and lysogeny. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222305 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2006
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. What were the features of the DNA molecule described by Watson and Crick? Are
these features the same for all DNA molecules? [16]
2. DNA replication is bi-directional. What would the replication bubble look like
(using the same labeling regimen as discussed in class) if replication was unidirec-
tional? [16]
3. Write short notes on
(a) Rho dependent termination.
(b) Rho independent termination. [16]
4. What will determine whether regions of alpha-helical structure lie at the surface or
in the interior of a water-soluble globular protein? [16]
5. What is meant by Reverse Genetics? How is useful? [16]
6. Describe the Ames assay for screening potential environmental mutagens. Why is
it though that a compound that tests positively in the Ames assay may also be
carcinogenic? [16]
7. With respect to F+ and F− bacterial mating, answer the followings
(a) How was it established that physical contact was necessary?
(b) How was it established that chromosome transfer was unidirectional?
[16]
8. What are the differences among ans IS elements, a transposon, an intron and a
plasmid. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222305 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2006
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Summarize and compare the properties of DNA polymerase- I, II and III. [16]
2. In Meselson-Stahl experiment, which of the three modes of replication could be
ruled out after one round of replication? After two round? [16]
3. What processing events occur with prokaryotic mRNA? [16]
4. Which feature of the Genetic code is responsible for redundancy of Geretic Code.
[16]
5. What is significantly different about the type of DNA “damage” repaired by mis-
match repair compared to other types of DNA damage? [16]
6. Write a note on split genes. [16]
7. What is the role of Rec protein in bacterial recombination? [16]
8. Describe what are the three different physical forms of phage λ chromosome?
[16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-SUPPLY 2K5

Code No: RR222305 Set No. 1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations,
November/December 2005
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Describe the various characteristics of the Watson-Crick DNA model. [16]
2. What are the requirements for the in vitro synthesis of DNA under the direction
of DNA polymerase-I? [16]
3. What is a “TATA box” and what is its function? Do all promoters have TATA
boxes? Why or why not? What provides the function of the TATA box when it
isn’t present? [16]
4. Describe the following terms: Transcription, translation, promoter. [16]
5. Describe different types of mutations; and explain the importance of mutations for
genetic research. [16]
6. A point mutation occurs in a particular gene. Describe the types of mutational
events that can restore a functional protein, including intergenic events. Consider
missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutation. [16]
7. Describe the basis for chromosome mapping in the Hfr × F− crosses. [16]
8. Write a note on Virus - mediated bacterial DNA transfer. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222305 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations,
November/December 2005
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. What are the roles of RNA primers and Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?
[16]
2. DNA replication is bi-directional. What would the replication bubble look like
(using the same labeling regimen as discussed in class) if replication was unidirec-
tional? [16]
3. Where are each of the RNA polymerase types found in the eukaryotic cell? [16]
4. What is footprinting? How did it help define promoter sequences? [16]
5. What are mutagens? Classify the radiation, chemical mutagens that are affecting
the organisms. [16]
6. Describe the Ames assay for screening potential environmental mutagens. Why is
it though that a compound that tests positively in the Ames assay may also be
carcinogenic? [16]
7. Describe the basis for chromosome mapping in the Hfr × F− crosses. [16]
8. Why are IS elements sometimes referred to as selfish DNA? [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222305 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations,
November/December 2005
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Summarize and compare the properties of DNA polymerase- I, II and III. [16]
2. DNA replication is bi-directional. What would the replication bubble look like
(using the same labeling regimen as discussed in class) if replication was unidirec-
tional? [16]
3. What processing events occur with prokaryotic mRNA? [16]
4. Argue why the genetic code must be read 3 bases at a time rather than 2 bases.
[16]
5. Write short notes on
(a) Thymine dimers
(b) Error prone Repair [16]
6. Write a note of Benzer’s fine structure analysis of the rII locus of T4 bacteriophage.
[16]
7. Describe the basis for chromosome mapping in the Hfr × F− crosses. [16]
8. What are the properties of viruses? How do viruses differ from all type of cells?
Why are viruses called obligate intracellular parasites? [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222305 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations,
November/December 2005
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Describe the various characteristics of the Watson-Crick DNA model. [16]
2. What are two differences between DNA and RNA? What bases pair with each
other? [16]
3. Where are each of the RNA polymerase types found in the eukaryotic cell? [16]
4. Write a note on post-transnational modification. [16]
5. Describe different types of mutations; and explain the importance of mutations for
genetic research. [16]
6. Which are the functional portions of a functional gene? [16]
7. Describe the basis for chromosome mapping in the Hfr × F− crosses. [16]
8. Describe the mechanism of transduction process. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-REG 2K5

Code No: RR222305 Set No.1
II B.Tech. II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May -2005
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
? ? ? ? ?
1. Write the detail components of DNA molecule that are organized inside cell.
2. compare conservative, semiconservative and dispersive modes of DNA replication.
3. How does the structure of a eukaryotic CoreRNAPol compare with
the E. coli CoreRNApol?
4. Discuss the roles of the following in protein expression: rRNA, tRNA, mRNA.
5. Write an essay that describes mutations.
6. A point mutation occurs in a particular gene. Describe the types of mutational
events that can restore a functional protein, including intergenic events. Consider
missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutation.
7. Distinguish among the three modes of recombination in bacteria.
8. Describe what are the three different physical forms of phage  chromosome?
? ? ? ? ?
1 of 1
Code No: RR222305 Set No.2
II B.Tech. II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May -2005
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
? ? ? ? ?
1. In what component parts do DNA and RNA differs?
2. Describe Meselson-Stahl experiment.
3. Write the following
(a) RNA Pol “basal” factors
(b) .RNA Pol “Transcription factors”?
4. Why would isoleucine be less likely to occur in a beta turn than in a beta strand?
5. Write an essay that describes mutations.
6. Write a note on molecular structure of eukaryotic gene.
7. Why are the recombinants produced from an HfrXF− cross never F+?
8. Describe the methods of transduction.
? ? ? ? ?
1 of 1
Code No: RR222305 Set No.3
II B.Tech. II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May -2005
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
? ? ? ? ?
1. If the tetranucleotide hypothesis were correct regarding the simplicity of DNA
structure, under what circumstances could DNA be the genetic material.
2. What are two differences between DNA and RNA? What bases pair with each
other?
3. Where are each of the RNA polymerase types found in the eukaryotic cell?
4. Name and describe the 4 levels of protein structure?
5. Most mutations are thought to be deleterious. Why then, is it reasonable to state
that mutations are essential for evolutionary process?
6. A point mutation occurs in a particular gene. Describe the types of mutational
events that can restore a functional protein, including intergenic events. Consider
missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutation.
7. What do you mean by plasmid? Describe their role in recombination.
8. Why are IS elements sometimes referred to as selfish DNA?
? ? ? ? ?
1 of 1
Code No: RR222305 Set No.4
II B.Tech. II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May -2005
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
? ? ? ? ?
1. What are the roles of RNA primers and Okazaki fragments during DNA replica-
tion?
2. DNA replication is bi-directional. What would the replication bubble look like
(using the same labeling regimen as discussed in class) if replication was unidirec-
tional?
3. Write short notes on
(a) Rho dependent termination.
(b) Rho independent termination.
4. What will determine whether regions of alpha-helical structure lie at the surface or
in the interior of a water-soluble globular protein?
5. Describe different types of mutations; and explain the importance of mutations for
genetic research.
6. Which are the functional portions of a functional gene?
7. Describe the mechanism of transformation process.
8. What are Retroposons?
? ? ? ? ?
1 of 1

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-supply 2k4

Code No: RR-222305
II B.Tech. II-Semester Supplementary Examinations, Nov/Dec-2004
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
- - -
1. In what component parts do DNA and RNA differ?
2. What did the Watson-Crick model suggest about the replication of the DNA?
3. What is the process of removal of introns from pre-mRNA called? Where does it
occur? Where do other eukayrotic mRNA modifications take place?
4. Describe the functions of signal sequences and stop transfer sequences in the
export of proteins from the cytoplasm.
5. What is the role of the "DNA template" in excision repair? What is this
"template"?
6. Describe the Ames assay for screening potential environmental mutagens. Why is
it though that a compound that tests positively in the Ames assay may also be
carcinogenic?
7. Write a note on genetic recombination in Bacteria.
8. Describe the Shapiro model of transposition. What are the roles of transposase,
DNA polymeraseI, Ligase and resolvase?
*$*$*$*
Set No.
1
Code No: RR-222305
II B.Tech. II-Semester Supplementary Examinations, Nov/Dec-2004
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
- - -
1. Sketch the shape of B-DNA and Z-DNA and write their properties.
2. Compare the conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive modes of DNA
replication.
3. What is splicing and alternative splicing? Give examples of different types of
alternative splicing.
4. Explain the difference between unregulated protein production, transcriptional
regulation, translational regulation, and post-translational regulation.
5. Which of the proteins is an ATPase? What is an ATPase? Why is an ATPase
needed in excision repair?
6. Write a note on microbial testing that are widely used in industrial research.
7. Describe the conjugation process in F+ and F- bacteria.
8. How do transpons induce deletion and inversion?
*$*$*$*
Set No.
2
Code No: RR-222305
II B.Tech. II-Semester Supplementary Examinations, Nov/Dec-2004
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
- - -
1. Describe the various characteristics of the Watson-Crick DNA model.
2. Describe Meselson-Stahl experiment.
3. What is hetergeneous nuclear RNA? How is it related to eukaryotic mRNA?
4. Describe the following terms: Transcription, translation, promoter.
5. What is the primary difference between transcription-coupled repair in
prokaryotes and in eukaryotes?
6. A point mutation occurs in a particular gene. Describe the types of mutational
events that can restore a functional protein, including intergenic events. Consider
missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutation.
7. How do you map the chromosome in Hfr bacteria?
8. Describe how a transposon controls the expression of the flagellar phase in
salmonella.
*$*$*$*
Set No.
3
Code No: RR-222305
II B.Tech. II-Semester Supplementary Examinations, Nov/Dec-2004
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
- - -
1. What the physical state of DNA following denaturation?
2. In Meselson-Stahl experiment, which of the three modes of replication could be
ruled out
a) After one round of replication.
b) After two round.
3. What are the 5 general mechanisms used in RNA splicing? Explain each of them.
4. Describe the following terms ribosome binding site, RNA polymerase, tRNA
synthetases.
5. What is significantly different about the type of DNA "damage" repaired by
mismatch repair compared to other types of DNA damage?
6. Write a note of Benzer's fine structure analysis of the rII locus of T4
bacteriophage.
7. Describe the recombination process in F+ and F- mating.
8. Describe what are the three different physical forms of phage l chromosome.
*$*$*$*
Set No.
4

BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-SUPPLY 2K8

Code No: R05222301 Set No. 1
II B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about different component parts of a fermentation process. [4+12]
2. (a) What is aseptic operation and containment? [4]
(b) Describe a typical aseptic, aerobic fermentation process. [4]
(c) What is sparger? Describe different spargers used in fermentors. [2+6]
3. Explain the factors to be considered for developing medium for animal cell culture.
[16]
4. (a) What are the important information required for the design of batch sterili-
sation process. [8]
(b) Define Del factor. Describe the calculation of Del factor during heating and
cooling. [2+6=8]
5. Determine the yield coefficients (YX/SandYX/02) and total amount of oxygen re-
quired in a batch reactor of 10000 liters volume with the growth of yeast on glucose
as per the equation given
C6H12O6+3O2+0.48NH3− − − − −− ! 0.48C6H10N03+4.32H2O + 3.12CO2
Final yeast concentration of 47 gdw/l is required. [16]
6. Discuss about the respiration chain and the electron transport along the respiratory
chain. [16]
7. (a) Enumerate the difference between the cell growth in batch and continuos cul-
tures
(b) Explain the kinetics of microbial growth. [8+8]
8. Discuss in details the product kinetics associated with growth with appropriate
examples. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: R05222301 Set No. 2
II B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses. [6+10]
2. What is meant by solid state fermentation? Explain the industrial application of
solid state fermentation indicating the microorganisms, substrates and products.
[6+10]
3. (a) Explain the use of water as an important constituent for fermentation.
(b) Describe the use of buffers for media preparation in fermentation. [8+8]
4. Derive the mathematical expression for Nutrient Quality Criterion (Q) in continu-
ous sterilisation and describe the graphical method to optimise temperature-time
regime. [16]
5. Determine coefficients a, b, c and d (where RQ=0.66) along with the biomass yield
coefficient and oxygen yield coefficient for aerobic degradation of benzoic acid by a
mixed culture of microorganisms as represented by the following overall reaction
C6H5COOH + aO2+bNH3−− ! cC5H7NO2+dH2O + eCO2 [16]
6. Enumerate the aerobic catabolism of glucose with emphasis on energetics. [16]
7. (a) Explain the procedure involved in the determination of cell number density
and cell mass concentration.
(b) Give a short note on simple unstructured kinetic models for microbial growth.
[8+8]
8. Describe how the microbial products can be classified along with the equations.
[16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: R05222301 Set No. 3
II B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Discuss in detail different unit operations used in manufacture of enzymes. [16]
2. What is meant by solid state fermentation? Explain the industrial application of
solid state fermentation indicating the microorganisms, substrates and products.
[6+10]
3. Describe in detail the theory of oxygen requirement and supply in industrial
fermentation. [16]
4. Describe Arrhenius plot for the calculation of activation energy and derive an
expression for heat sterilisation of a pure culture at a constant temperature. [16]
5. Enumerate the difference in prediction of yield coefficients in anaerobic and anaer-
obic system with appropriate example. [16]
6. Explain the transfer of bioenery via ATP. [16]
7. (a) Explain the procedure involved in the determination of cell number density
and cell mass concentration.
(b) Give a short note on simple unstructured kinetic models for microbial growth.
[8+8]
8. Explain the optimum environmental conditions required for growth and product
formation. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: R05222301 Set No. 4
II B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Discuss in detail about different commercial enzymes and its applications. [8+8]
2. In a fed batch culture operating with an intermittent addition of glucose solution,
values of the following parameters are given at time t =2hours, when the system is
at quasi steady state. Culture volume (V) = 1 litre Substrate concentration (S0) =
100 gm glucose / litre Limiting rate constant (KS) = 0.1 gm glucose / litre Initial
amount of biomass in the reactor (Xt
0) = 30 gm Nutrient feed flow rate (F) = dv/dt
= 200 ml/hour Maximum specific growth rate = 0.3 h−1 Yield coefficient (YM
x/s) =
0.5 gm cells / gm glucose
Determine:
(a) the initial culture of the medium (V0).
(b) Determine the concentration of the growth limiting substrate in the vessel at
quasi steady state.
(c) Determine the concentration and total amount of biomass in the vessel at t
=2 hour (at quasi steady state).
(d) If specific rate of product formation (qp) = 0.2 gm product/cells, P0= 0 deter-
mine the concentration of the product in the vessel at t=2 hour. [4+4+4+4]
3. Explain the factors to be considered for developing medium for animal cell culture.
[16]
4. (a) What are the consequences if a foreign microorganism invade a fermentation
process.
(b) Explain the methods to avoid this contamination. [8+8]
5. Discuss the following in detail
(a) Stoichiometricallly limiting compounds
(b) Growth rate limiting medium. [8+8]
6. What are the major steps in aerobic metabolism of hydrocarbons? What are the
end products? [16]
7. Explain the difference between the aerobic and anaerobic growth. [16]
8. Give brief notes on structured models for growth and product formation with rel-
evant examples. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1

BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I-AUG 2K8

Code No: RR222302 Set No. 1
II B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Write shorts notes on:
(a) Microbial biomass
(b) Microbial enzymes. [8+8]
2. (a) What is aseptic operation and containment? [4]
(b) Describe a typical aseptic, aerobic fermentation process. [4]
(c) What is sparger? Describe different spargers used in fermentors. [2+6]
3. Sodium Bicarbonate is used as carbon source for the commercial production of
a micro algae. A constant cell density is always maintained in the reactor by
harvesting the cells daily. The growth rate is measured regularly and an average
growth rate of 0.1 gm/lit (dry weight) is recorded daily. The total culture volume
is 1100 litres. Sodium bicarbonate is the only Carbon source and it is added daily.
Assume that the cells are 50% Carbon by weight. Calculate the quantity of Sodium
Bicarbonate to be added daily if the conversion efficiency is assumed to be 90%.
[16]
4. (a) What are the advantages of continuous sterilisation.
(b) What are the advantages of batch sterilisation. [8+8]
5. Discuss the following:
(a) Stoichiometry of cell growth and product formation
(b) Degree of reduction of substrate and biomass. [8+8]
6. Differentiate the heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolism emphasis on energetics.
[16]
7. Define the following:
(a) Maximum growth rate
(b) Yield on substrate
(c) Mass doubling time
(d) Specific growth rate [4+4+4+4]
8. Explain the following with respect to product formation
(a) Substrate inhibition
1 of 2
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 1
(b) Product inhibition. [8+8]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
2 of 2
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 2
II B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses. [6+10]
2. (a) What is aseptic operation and containment? [4]
(b) Describe a typical aseptic, aerobic fermentation process. [4]
(c) What is sparger? Describe different spargers used in fermentors. [2+6]
3. Explain the factors to be considered for developing medium for animal cell culture.
[16]
4. Describe the design featurers of continuous sterilisation processes. [16]
5. Enumerate the difference in prediction of yield coefficients in anaerobic and anaer-
obic system with appropriate example. [16]
6. Briefly discuss the following:
(a) Energy capture efficiency
(b) Oxygen consumption and heat evolution in aerobic cultures
(c) Heat generation and yield factor estimation. [5+5+6]
7. Explain specific growth rate with relevant equations. [16]
8. Explain the following:
(a) Competitive product inhibition
(b) Non-competitive product inhibition. [8+8]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 3
II B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses. [6+10]
2. Derive an expression for estimating the heat transfer area required to obtain ade-
quate temperature control in a fermentor. [16]
3. Sodium Bicarbonate is used as carbon source for the commercial production of
a micro algae. A constant cell density is always maintained in the reactor by
harvesting the cells daily. The growth rate is measured regularly and an average
growth rate of 0.1 gm/lit (dry weight) is recorded daily. The total culture volume
is 1100 litres. Sodium bicarbonate is the only Carbon source and it is added daily.
Assume that the cells are 50% Carbon by weight. Calculate the quantity of Sodium
Bicarbonate to be added daily if the conversion efficiency is assumed to be 90%.
[16]
4. Describe the design featurers of continuous sterilisation processes. [16]
5. Explain the concept of Degree of Reduction and its application in proton-electron
balance in biorector. [16]
6. (a) Discuss the role of control sites in aerobic glucose metabolism
(b) Oxygen consumption and heat evolution in aerobic cultures. [8+8]
7. Give short note on:
(a) Lag phase
(b) Logarithmic phase
(c) Stationary phase
(d) Death phase. [4+4+4+4]
8. Explain the optimum environmental conditions required for growth and product
formation. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 4
II B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention different types of enzymes extracted from plant and their application.
[8+8]
2. (a) Explain the major components of a chemostat with the help of a diagram
giving the notations used in modeling and analysis.
(b) Explain CSTR with recycle using a schematic diagram.
(c) Describe ideal plug flow tubular reactor giving notations used for analysis and
modeling. [6+6+4]
3. Describe in detail the theory of oxygen requirement and supply in industrial
fermentation. [16]
4. Explain the kinetics of medium sterilisation and obtain a mathematical expression
for specific death rate. [16]
5. Explain in detail the stoichiometry involved in the cell growth and product forma-
tion. [16]
6. Enumerate the aerobic catabolism of glucose with emphasis on energetics. [16]
7. (a) Enumerate the principle involved in the microbial growth taking an example.
(b) Differentiate between the growth in the batch and continuos systems. [8+8]
8. Give brief notes on structured models for growth and product formation with rel-
evant examples. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1

BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I-SUPPLY 2K7

Code No: RR222302 Set No. 1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses. [6+10]
2. (a) Briefly explain about the material of construction for fermentor fabrication.
(b) Explain different types of agitators used in fermentors. [8+8]
3. Describe the use of precursors and metabolic regulators in media preparation.[16]
4. (a) Explain reactions involved that lead to loss of nutrient quality during sterili-
sation.
(b) Describe methods of batch sterilisation. [8+8]
5. Discuss the concept of Elemental Balances with example using simplified biological
conversion. [16]
6. Briefly specify major function of the TCA cycle. [16]
7. (a) Enumerate the principle involved in the microbial growth taking an example.
(b) Differentiate between the growth in the batch and continuos systems. [8+8]
8. Explain the difference between:
(a) Competitive and non-competitive product inhibition
(b) Growth and non-growth associated products. [8+8]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention different types of enzymes extracted from plant and their application.
[8+8]
2. (a) What is meant by immobilisation of cells? What are the advantages of immo-
bilised cell culture over suspension cell culture? [2+4]
(b) What is active immobilisation? Explain various matrices used for active
immobilisation. [2+4]
(c) Describe the methods employed for active cell immobilisation. [4]
3. Describe the use of precursors and metabolic regulators in media preparation.[16]
4. (a) Draw the schematic diagram of a typical continuous injector- flash cooler ster-
iliser.
(b) Draw the flow diagram of continuous strilisation system employing spiral heat
exchangers. [8+8]
5. Estimate the theoretical growth and product yield coefficients for ethanol fermen-
tation by S cerevisiae as described by the following reaction
C6H12O6
− − − − − − −− ! 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 [16]
6. Explain the following:
(a) Control sites in metabolism [8]
(b) Transfer of bioenergy via ATP. [8]
7. Explain Monod model application in the bioprocess engineering along with
applications. [16]
8. (a) Differentiate between competitive product inhibition and non-competitive prod-
uct inhibition.
(b) Explain the product inhibition on the product formation. [8+8]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. What do you mean be fermentation and range of Fermentation process? [4+12]
2. (a) What is aseptic operation and containment? [4]
(b) Describe a typical aseptic, aerobic fermentation process. [4]
(c) What is sparger? Describe different spargers used in fermentors. [2+6]
3. Describe the use of precursors and metabolic regulators in media preparation.[16]
4. What is meant by filter sterilization? Explain its application in media sterilization.
[4+12]
5. Discuss the following:
(a) Medium formulation
(b) Yield factor. [8+8]
6. (a) Explain in detail the heat and energy in metabolic reactions.
(b) Give a brief note on Crabtree effect. [8+8]
7. (a) Enumerate the principle involved in the microbial growth taking an example.
(b) Differentiate between the growth in the batch and continuos systems. [8+8]
8. Explain the substrate and product inhibition on the product formation with
appropriate examples. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses. [6+10]
2. (a) Briefly explain about the material of construction for fermentor fabrication.
(b) Explain different types of agitators used in fermentors. [8+8]
3. Give the composition of four industrially important media used in industrial fer-
mentation. [16]
4. Explain the kinetics of medium sterilisation and obtain a mathematical expression
for specific death rate. [16]
5. Discuss the following:
(a) Stoichiometry of cell growth and product formation
(b) Degree of reduction of substrate and biomass. [8+8]
6. Explain the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate. [16]
7. (a) Enumerate the principle involved in the microbial growth taking an example.
(b) Differentiate between the growth in the batch and continuos systems. [8+8]
8. (a) Differentiate between competitive product inhibition and non-competitive prod-
uct inhibition.
(b) Explain the product inhibition on the product formation. [8+8]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1

BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-SUPPLY 2K7

Code No: R05222301 Set No. 1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Discuss in detail about Historical development of Bioprocess Technology.
[4+12]
2. After a batch fermentation, the system is dismantled and approximately 75% of
the cell mass is suspended in the liquid phase (2 litre), while 25% is attached
to the reactor walls and internals as a thick film. Work with radioactive tracers
shows that 50% of the target product (intracellular) is associated with each cell
fraction. The productivity of this reaction is 2 gm product per litre at the 2 litre
scale. What would be the productivity at 20,000 litre scale if both reactors had a
height-diameter ratio of 2 to 1. [16]
3. (a) Explain the use of water as an important constituent for fermentation.
(b) Describe the use of buffers for media preparation in fermentation. [8+8]
4. (a) What are the advantages of continuous sterilisation.
(b) What are the advantages of batch sterilisation. [8+8]
5. Determine the concentration and total amount of glucose and (NH4)2SO4 in the
nutrient medium in a batch reactor of 10000 liters volume with the growth of yeast
on glucose as per the equation given
C6H12O6+3O2+0.48NH3− − − − − − −− ! 0.48C6H10N03+4.32H2O + 3.12 CO2
Final yeast concentration of 49 gdw/l is required. [16]
6. (a) Discuss the role of control sites in aerobic glucose metabolism
(b) Oxygen consumption and heat evolution in aerobic cultures. [8+8]
7. Enumerate in detail various environmental conditions that affect the growth kinet-
ics. [16]
8. Explain the concept of product formation in bioprocess engineering with appropri-
ate examples. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: R05222301 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Discuss in detail about Chronological development of the fermentation industry.
[4+12]
2. (a) What is aseptic operation and containment? [4]
(b) Describe a typical aseptic, aerobic fermentation process. [4]
(c) What is sparger? Describe different spargers used in fermentors. [2+6]
3. (a) What are the major sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous in industrial
fermentation. [8]
(b) What are chelating agents? Explain their functions giving example. [2+6]
4. A medium containing a vitamin is to be sterilized. Assume that the number of
spores initially present is 105/lit. The values of activation energy for the death of
the organism (E0d) and pre-Arrhenius constant for the spores are:
Pre-Arrhenius constant = 1 x 1036 min-1
E0d = 65 kcal/g-mol
For the inactivation of the vitamin, the values of
E0d = 10 kcals/g-mol
pre-Arrhenius constant = 1x 104 min−1
The initial concentration of the vitamin is 30 mg/lit. Compare the amount of active
vitamin in the sterilized medium for 10 litre and 10,000 litre fermenters when broth
is sterilized at 121oC when we require in both the cases that the probability of an
unsuccessful fermentation be 0.001. Ignore the effects of heat up and cool-down
periods. [16]
5. Enumerate the difference in prediction of yield coefficients in anaerobic and anaer-
obic system with appropriate example. [16]
6. Explain the following:
(a) Control sites in metabolism [8]
(b) Transfer of bioenergy via ATP. [8]
7. Enumerate various environmental conditions that effect the growth kinetics. [16]
8. Give brief notes on structured models for growth and product formation with rel-
evant examples. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: R05222301 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Write in detail about role of biotechnology in bioprocess Engineering. [4+12]
2. In a fed batch culture operating with an intermittent addition of glucose solution,
values of the following parameters are given at time t =2hours, when the system is
at quasi steady state. Culture volume (V) = 1 litre Substrate concentration (S0) =
100 gm glucose / litre Limiting rate constant (KS) = 0.1 gm glucose / litre Initial
amount of biomass in the reactor (Xt
0) = 30 gm Nutrient feed flow rate (F) = dv/dt
= 200 ml/hour Maximum specific growth rate = 0.3 h−1 Yield coefficient (YM
x/s) =
0.5 gm cells / gm glucose
Determine:
(a) the initial culture of the medium (V0).
(b) Determine the concentration of the growth limiting substrate in the vessel at
quasi steady state.
(c) Determine the concentration and total amount of biomass in the vessel at t
=2 hour (at quasi steady state).
(d) If specific rate of product formation (qp) = 0.2 gm product/cells, P0= 0 deter-
mine the concentration of the product in the vessel at t=2 hour. [4+4+4+4]
3. Explain the factors to be considered for developing medium for animal cell culture.
[16]
4. (a) What are the consequences if a foreign microorganism invade a fermentation
process.
(b) Explain the methods to avoid this contamination. [8+8]
5. Explain in detail the stoichiometry involved in the cell growth and product forma-
tion. [16]
6. Enumerate the major difference in photosynthesis between microbes and plants.
[16]
7. Explain the role of following parameters on growth kinetics
(a) Temperature
(b) Dissolved Oxygen
(c) pH. [5+6+5]
1 of 2
Code No: R05222301 Set No. 3
8. Briefly discuss about the structured models for product formation and compare
with growth. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
2 of 2
Code No: R05222301 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses. [6+10]
2. (a) What is meant by immobilisation of cells? What are the advantages of immo-
bilised cell culture over suspension cell culture? [2+4]
(b) What is active immobilisation? Explain various matrices used for active
immobilisation. [2+4]
(c) Describe the methods employed for active cell immobilisation. [4]
3. (a) What are the major sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous in industrial
fermentation. [8]
(b) What are chelating agents? Explain their functions giving example. [2+6]
4. A medium containing a vitamin is to be sterilized. Assume that the number of
spores initially present is 105/lit. The values of activation energy for the death of
the organism (E0d) and pre-Arrhenius constant for the spores are:
Pre-Arrhenius constant = 1 x 1036 min-1
E0d = 65 kcal/g-mol
For the inactivation of the vitamin, the values of
E0d = 10 kcals/g-mol
pre-Arrhenius constant = 1x 104 min−1
The initial concentration of the vitamin is 30 mg/lit. Compare the amount of active
vitamin in the sterilized medium for 10 litre and 10,000 litre fermenters when broth
is sterilized at 121oC when we require in both the cases that the probability of an
unsuccessful fermentation be 0.001. Ignore the effects of heat up and cool-down
periods. [16]
5. Determine the yield coefficients (YX/SandYX/02) and total amount of oxygen re-
quired in a batch reactor of 10000 liters volume with the growth of yeast on glucose
as per the equation given
C6H12O6+3O2+0.48NH3− − − − −− ! 0.48C6H10N03+4.32H2O + 3.12CO2
Final yeast concentration of 47 gdw/l is required. [16]
6. Explain the following:
(a) Control sites in metabolism [8]
(b) Transfer of bioenergy via ATP. [8]
7. (a) Enumerate the difference between the cell growth in batch and continuos cul-
tures

(b) Explain the kinetics of microbial growth. [8+8]
8. Explain the concept of product formation in bioprocess engineering with appropri-
ate examples. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
2 of 2

BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I-SUPPLY 2K6

Code No: RR222302 Set No. 1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2006
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses. 16 [6+10]
2. (a) What is aseptic operation and containment? [4]
(b) Describe a typical aseptic, aerobic fermentation process. [4]
(c) What is sparger? Describe different spargers used in fermentors. [2+6]
3. Sodium Bicarbonate is used as carbon source for the commercial production of
a micro algae. A constant cell density is always maintained in the reactor by
harvesting the cells daily. The growth rate is measured regularly and an average
growth rate of 0.1 gm/lit (dry weight) is recorded daily. The total culture volume
is 1100 litres. Sodium bicarbonate is the only Carbon source and it is added daily.
Assume that the cells are 50% Carbon by weight. Calculate the quantity of Sodium
Bicarbonate to be added daily if the conversion efficiency is assumed to be 90%.
[16]
4. (a) What are the consequences if a foreign microorganism invade a fermentation
process. [8]
(b) Explain the methods to avoid this contamination. [8]
5. Determine the yield coefficients (YX/SandYX/02) and total amount of oxygen re-
quired in a batch reactor of 10000 liters volume with the growth of yeast on glucose
as per the equation given
C6H12O6+3O2+0.48NH3− − − − −− ! 0.48C6H10N03+4.32H2O + 3.12CO2
Final yeast concentration of 47 gdw/l is required. [16]
6. Differentiate the major function of the dark and light phases in photosynthesis.[16]
7. Explain the following:
(a) Oxygen uptake rate [5]
(b) Critical oxygen concentration [5]
(c) Specific rate of oxygen consumption. [6]
8. Discuss in details the product kinetics associated with growth with appropriate
examples. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2006
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Write Notes on:
(a) Biosensors [8]
(b) Biopesticides. [8]
2. (a) Briefly explain about the material of construction for fermentor fabrication.
[8]
(b) Explain different types of agitators used in fermentors. [8]
3. (a) Explain the use of water as an important constituent for fermentation. [8]
(b) Describe the use of buffers for media preparation in fermentation. [8]
4. (a) Describe the methods for sterilizing fermenters. [8]
(b) Explain the methods of sterilizing variety of additives administered during the
process of fermentation. [8]
5. Discuss the following in detail
(a) Stoichiometricallly limiting compounds [8]
(b) Growth rate limiting medium. [8]
6. Explain the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate. [16]
7. Explain growth pattern and kinetics in a batch culture. [8+8]
8. Explain the following with respect to product formation
(a) Substrate inhibition [8]
(b) Product inhibition. [8]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2006
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses. 16 [6+10]
2. What is meant by solid state fermentation? Explain the industrial application of
solid state fermentation indicating the microorganisms, substrates and products.
[6+10]
3. Sodium Bicarbonate is used as carbon source for the commercial production of
a micro algae. A constant cell density is always maintained in the reactor by
harvesting the cells daily. The growth rate is measured regularly and an average
growth rate of 0.1 gm/lit (dry weight) is recorded daily. The total culture volume
is 1100 litres. Sodium bicarbonate is the only Carbon source and it is added daily.
Assume that the cells are 50% Carbon by weight. Calculate the quantity of Sodium
Bicarbonate to be added daily if the conversion efficiency is assumed to be 90%.
[16]
4. Explain the kinetics of medium sterilisation and obtain a mathematical expression
for specific death rate. [16]
5. (a) Describe the process of product formation with appropriate example. [8]
(b) Explain the maintenance coefficient with example. [8]
6. (a) Explain the thermodynamic efficiency of growth [8]
(b) Differentiate respiration and fermentation. [8]
7. (a) Enumerate the principle involved in the microbial growth taking an example.
[8]
(b) Differentiate between the growth in the batch and continuos systems. [8]
8. (a) Differentiate between competitive product inhibition and non-competitive prod-
uct inhibition. [8]
(b) Explain the product inhibition on the product formation. [8]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2006
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. What do you mean be fermentation and range of Fermentation process? [4+12]
2. (a) What is meant by immobilisation of cells? What are the advantages of immo-
bilised cell culture over suspension cell culture? [2+4]
(b) What is active immobilisation? Explain various matrices used for active
immobilisation. [2+4]
(c) Describe the methods employed for active cell immobilisation. [4]
3. Describe in detail the theory of oxygen requirement and supply in industrial
fermentation. [16]
4. (a) What are the important information required for the design of batch sterili-
sation process. [8]
(b) Define Del factor. Describe the calculation of Del factor during heating and
cooling. [2+6=8]
5. Determine the rate of oxygen consumption and yield coefficients if rate of growth
at exponential phase is rx = 0.7 gdw/l-h in a batch reactor of 5000 liters volume
with the growth of yeast on glucose as per the equation given
C6H12O6+3O2+0.48NH3−− ! 0.48C6H10N03+4.32H2O + 3.12CO2
Final yeast concentration of 50 gdw/l is required. [16]
6. Differentiate the heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolism emphasis on energetics.
[16]
7. (a) Explain the procedure involved in the determination of cell number density
and cell mass concentration. [8]
(b) Give a short note on simple unstructured kinetic models for microbial growth.
[8]
8. Give brief notes on structured models for growth and product formation with rel-
evant examples. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1

BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I-REG 2K6

Code No: RR222302 Set No. 1
II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2006
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses. 16 [6+10]
2. (a) Briefly explain about the material of construction for fermentor fabrication.
[8]
(b) Explain different types of agitators used in fermentors. [8]
3. (a) What are the major sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous in industrial
fermentation. [8]
(b) What are chelating agents? Explain their functions giving example. [2+6]
4. (a) Explain reactions involved that lead to loss of nutrient quality during sterili-
sation. [8]
(b) Describe methods of batch sterilisation. [8]
5. Discuss the following:
(a) Medium formulation [8]
(b) Yield factor. [8]
6. Explain the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate. [16]
7. Give short note on:
(a) Lag phase [4]
(b) Logarithmic phase [4]
(c) Stationary phase [4]
(d) Death phase. [4]
8. Explain the difference between:
(a) Competitive and non-competitive product inhibition [8]
(b) Growth and non-growth associated products. [8]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2006
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention different types of enzymes extracted from plant and their application.
[8+8]
2. (a) Briefly explain about the material of construction for fermentor fabrication.
[8]
(b) Explain different types of agitators used in fermentors. [8]
3. Explain the factors influencing the choice of carbon source. [16]
4. Derive the mathematical expression for Nutrient Quality Criterion (Q) in continu-
ous sterilisation and describe the graphical method to optimise temperature-time
regime. [16]
5. Discuss the following in detail
(a) Stoichiometricallly limiting compounds [8]
(b) Growth rate limiting medium. [8]
6. Briefly discuss the following:
(a) Energy capture efficiency [5]
(b) Oxygen consumption and heat evolution in aerobic cultures [5]
(c) Heat generation and yield factor estimation. [6]
7. Give note on the following:
(a) Substrate limited growth [6]
(b) Unbalanced growth [5]
(c) Balanced Growth. [5]
8. Describe growth associated product formation with equation. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2006
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses. 16 [6+10]
2. What is meant by solid state fermentation? Explain the industrial application of
solid state fermentation indicating the microorganisms, substrates and products.
[6+10]
3. (a) Explain the use of water as an important constituent for fermentation. [8]
(b) Describe the use of buffers for media preparation in fermentation. [8]
4. Describe the design featurers of continuous sterilisation processes. [16]
5. Determine the yield coefficients (YX/SandYX/02) and total amount of oxygen re-
quired in a batch reactor of 10000 liters volume with the growth of yeast on glucose
as per the equation given
C6H12O6+3O2+0.48NH3− − − − −− ! 0.48C6H10N03+4.32H2O + 3.12CO2
Final yeast concentration of 47 gdw/l is required. [16]
6. Differentiate the heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolism emphasis on energetics.
[16]
7. (a) Enumerate the difference between the cell growth in batch and continuos cul-
tures [8]
(b) Explain the kinetics of microbial growth. [8]
8. Give brief notes on structured models for growth and product formation with rel-
evant examples. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2006
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Write a short notes on:
(a) Transformation process [8]
(b) Microbial metabolites. [8]
2. In a fed batch culture operating with an intermittent addition of glucose solution,
values of the following parameters are given at time t =2hours, when the system is
at quasi steady state. Culture volume (V) = 1 litre Substrate concentration (S0) =
100 gm glucose / litre Limiting rate constant (KS) = 0.1 gm glucose / litre Initial
amount of biomass in the reactor (Xt
0) = 30 gm Nutrient feed flow rate (F) = dv/dt
= 200 ml/hour Maximum specific growth rate = 0.3 h−1 Yield coefficient (YM
x/s) =
0.5 gm cells / gm glucose
Determine:
(a) the initial culture of the medium (V0). [4]
(b) Determine the concentration of the growth limiting substrate in the vessel at
quasi steady state. [4]
(c) Determine the concentration and total amount of biomass in the vessel at t
=2 hour (at quasi steady state). [4]
(d) If specific rate of product formation (qp) = 0.2 gm product/cells, P0= 0 de-
termine the concentration of the product in the vessel at t=2 hour. [4]
3. (a) Explain the use of water as an important constituent for fermentation. [8]
(b) Describe the use of buffers for media preparation in fermentation. [8]
4. Describe Arrhenius plot for the calculation of activation energy and derive an
expression for heat sterilisation of a pure culture at a constant temperature. [16]
5. Determine the degree of reductions for the substrate, bacteria, RQ and yield co-
efficients for aerobic degradation of an organic compound by a mixed culture of
organisms in wastewater as represented by the following reaction
C3H6O3+aO2+bNH3−− ! cC5H7NO2+dH2O + eCO2
Determine a, b, c, d and e, if YX/S = 0.4 g X/g S [16]
6. Differentiate the major function of the dark and light phases in photosynthesis.[16]
7. (a) Enumerate the principle involved in the microbial growth taking an example.
[8]
1 of 2
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 4
(b) Differentiate between the growth in the batch and continuos systems. [8]
8. Describe growth and non-growth associated products formation with equations.
[16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
2 of 2

BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I-SUPLY 2K5

Code No: RR222302 Set No. 1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations,
November/December 2005
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses. 16 [6+10]
2. What is meant by solid state fermentation? Explain the industrial application of
solid state fermentation indicating the microorganisms, substrates and products.
[6+10]
3. Explain the factors to be considered for developing medium for animal cell culture.
[16]
4. (a) Explain reactions involved that lead to loss of nutrient quality during sterili-
sation. [8]
(b) Describe methods of batch sterilisation. [8]
5. Discuss in detail the stoichiometry of the product formation with an example [16]
6. Explain the following:
(a) Control sites in metabolism [8]
(b) Transfer of bioenergy via ATP [8]
7. (a) Enumerate the principle involved in the microbial growth taking an example
[8]
(b) Differentiate between the growth in the batch and continuos systems [8]
8. Discuss in details the product kinetics associated with growth with appropriate
examples. [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations,
November/December 2005
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses. 16 [6+10]
2. (a) What is meant by immobilisation of cells? What are the advantages of immo-
bilised cell culture over suspension cell culture? [2+4]
(b) What is active immobilisation? Explain various matrices used for active
immobilisation. [2+4]
(c) Describe the methods employed for active cell immobilisation. [4]
3. (a) Describe the use of antifoam in industrial fermentation indicating the principle.
[8]
(b) Give examples of antifoam agents used in fermentation industry. [8]
4. (a) What are the advantages of continuous sterilisation. [8]
(b) What are the advantages of batch sterilisation. [8]
5. Enumerate the difference between the stoichiometry of cell growth and product
formation. [16]
6. (a) Discuss the role of control sites in aerobic glucose metabolism [8]
(b) Oxygen consumption and heat evolution in aerobic cultures [8]
7. (a) Enumerate the principle involved in the microbial growth taking an example
[8]
(b) Differentiate between the growth in the batch and continuos systems [8]
8. Enumerate the difference between
(a) Substrate and product inhibition [8]
(b) Aerobic and anaerobic product formation [8]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations,
November/December 2005
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses. 16 [6+10]
2. (a) What is aseptic operation and containment? [4]
(b) Describe a typical aseptic, aerobic fermentation process. [4]
(c) What is sparger? Describe different spargers used in fermentors. [2+6]
3. Explain the factors to be considered for developing medium for animal cell culture.
[16]
4. (a) What are the advantages of continuous sterilisation. [8]
(b) What are the advantages of batch sterilisation. [8]
5. Enumerate the difference between the stoichiometry of cell growth and product
formation. [16]
6. Enumerate the aerobic catabolism of glucose with emphasis on energetics [16]
7. Explain the role of following parameters on growth kinetics
(a) Temperature [5]
(b) Dissolved Oxygen [6]
(c) pH [5]
8. Explain the optimum environmental conditions required for growth and product
formation [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations,
November/December 2005
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Discuss in detail about microbial metabolites. 16 [4+12]
2. (a) What is aseptic operation and containment? [4]
(b) Describe a typical aseptic, aerobic fermentation process. [4]
(c) What is sparger? Describe different spargers used in fermentors. [2+6]
3. Give the composition of four industrially important media used in industrial fer-
mentation. [16]
4. Explain the kinetics of medium sterilisation and obtain a mathematical expression
for specific death rate. [16]
5. Explain in detail the stoichiometry involved in the cell growth and product forma-
tion. [16]
6. Differentiate the heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolism emphasis on energetics.
[16]
7. (a) Enumerate the principle involved in the microbial growth taking an example
[8]
(b) Differentiate between the growth in the batch and continuos systems [8]
8. Explain the concept of product formation in bioprocess engineering with appropri-
ate examples [16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1

BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I-REG 2K5

Code No: RR222302 Set No.1
II B.Tech. II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May -2005
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
? ? ? ? ?
1. Discuss in detail about various microorganisms used as biopesticides
2. After a batch fermentation, the system is dismantled and approximately 75% of
the cell mass is suspended in the liquid phase (2 litre), while 25% is attached
to the reactor walls and internals as a thick film. Work with radioactive tracers
shows that 50% of the target product (intracellular) is associated with each cell
fraction. The productivity of this reaction is 2 gm product per litre at the 2 litre
scale. What would be the productivity at 20,000 litre scale if both reactors had a
height-diameter ratio of 2 to 1.
3. Explain the factors to be considered for developing medium for animal cell culture.
4. Describe Arrhenius plot for the calculation of activation energy and derive an
expression for heat sterilisation of a pure culture at a constant temperature.
5. Explain the concept of Degree of Reduction and its application in proton-electron
balance in biorector.
6. Discuss about the partial oxidation and its end products with an example.
7. (a) Enumerate the difference between the cell growth in batch and continuos cul-
tures
(b) Explain the kinetics of microbial growth
8. Explain the substrate and product inhibition on the product formation with
appropriate examples.
? ? ? ? ?
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No.2
II B.Tech. II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May -2005
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
? ? ? ? ?
1. Mention about the Regulatory constraints of bioprocesses.
2. (a) What is aseptic operation and containment?
(b) Describe a typical aseptic, aerobic fermentation process.
(c) What is sparger? Describe different spargers used in fermentors.
3. Determine the amount of (NH4)2SO4 to be supplied in a fermentation medium
where the final cell concentration is 30 gm/lit in a 1000 lit culture volume. Assume
that cells are 12% Nitrogen by weight and (NH4)2SO4 is the only Nitrogen source.
4. (a) What are the important information required for the design of batch sterili-
sation process.
(b) Define Del factor. Describe the calculation of Del factor during heating and
cooling.
5. Discuss the concept of Elemental Balances with example using simplified biological
conversion.
6. Briefly discuss the following
(a) Energy capture efficiency
(b) Oxygen consumption and heat evolution in aerobic cultures
(c) Heat generation and yield factor estimation
7. Enumerate in detail various environmental conditions that affect the growth kinet-
ics
8. Explain the difference between:
(a) Competitive and non-competitive product inhibition
(b) Growth and non-growth associated products
? ? ? ? ?
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No.3
II B.Tech. II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May -2005
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
? ? ? ? ?
1. What do you mean by down stream processes explain with flow chart.
2. Derive an expression for estimating the heat transfer area required to obtain ade-
quate temperature control in a fermentor.
3. (a) Explain the use of water as an important constituent for fermentation.
(b) Describe the use of buffers for media preparation in fermentation.
4. (a) What are the consequences if a foreign microorganism invade a fermentation
process.
(b) Explain the methods to avoid this contamination.
5. Determine the rate of oxygen consumption and yield coefficients if rate of growth
at exponential phase is rx = 0.7 gdw/l-h in a batch reactor of 5000 liters volume
with the growth of yeast on glucose as per the equation given
C6H12O6+3 O2+0.48NH3−− ! 0.48C6H10N03+4.32H2O + 3.12CO2
Final yeast concentration of 50 gdw/l is required.
6. Given an overview of
(a) Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
(b) Oxygen consumption and heat evolution in aerobic cultures
7. (a) Explain the procedure involved in the determination of cell number density
and cell mass concentration
(b) Give a short note on simple unstructured kinetic models for microbial growth.
8. Explain the difference between:
(a) Competitive and non-competitive product inhibition
(b) Growth and non-growth associated products
? ? ? ? ?
1 of 1
Code No: RR222302 Set No.4
II B.Tech. II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May -2005
BIO PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
? ? ? ? ?
1. Draw and Explain a typical fermentation process.
2. (a) What is aseptic operation and containment?
(b) Describe a typical aseptic, aerobic fermentation process.
(c) What is sparger? Describe different spargers used in fermentors.
3. Determine the amount of (NH4)2SO4 to be supplied in a fermentation medium
where the final cell concentration is 30 gm/lit in a 1000 lit culture volume. Assume
that cells are 12% Nitrogen by weight and (NH4)2SO4 is the only Nitrogen source.
4. (a) What are the important information required for the design of batch sterili-
sation process.
(b) Define Del factor. Describe the calculation of Del factor during heating and
cooling.
5. Determine coefficients a, b, c and d (where RQ=0.66) along with the biomass yield
coefficient and oxygen yield coefficient for aerobic degradation of benzoic acid by a
mixed culture of microorganisms as represented by the following overall reaction
C6H5COOH + aO2+bNH3−− ! cC5H7NO2+dH2O + eCO2
6. Given an overview of
(a) Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
(b) Oxygen consumption and heat evolution in aerobic cultures
7. Briefly explain the following
(a) Steady-sate biomass concentration
(b) Specific rate of the oxygen consumption
8. Give a short notes on the product kinetics of
(a) Growth associated (primary)
(b) Non-growth associated (secondary)
? ? ? ? ?
1 of 1

BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING-I-SUPPLY 2K4

Code No: RR-222302
II B.Tech. II-Semester Supplementary Examinations, Nov/Dec-2004
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
- - -
1.a) Explain the common features of eucaryotic cell.
b) Describe the organisation and functions of procaryotic cell.
2.a) Explain activated sludge process with the schematic diagram and notations.
b) Describe anaerobic digestion using a flow diagram indicating various stages
and microbes involved in the process.
3. Explain the factors influencing the choice of carbon source.
4. Explain the kinetics of medium sterilisation and obtain a mathematical
expression for specific death rate.
5. Discuss the following with examples.
a) Growth yield coefficient
b) Product yield coefficient
6.a) Explain in detail the heat and energy in metabolic reactions.
b) Give a brief note on Crabtree effect.
7. Differentiate pH and redox potential and enumerate the role of pH and redox
potential on the growth kinetics.
8. Describe how the microbial products can be classified along with the
equations.
= + = + =
Set No.
1
Code No: RR-222302
II B.Tech. II-Semester Supplementary Examinations, Nov/Dec-2004
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
- - -
1.a) What are enzymes? Briefly describe enzyme nomenclature.
b) Explain the medical and industrial utilization of enzymes giving the list of
industrially important enzymes, their source and application.
2.a) Draw the schematic diagrams of bubble column reactor and air loop reactor
and explain the working and industrial applications.
b) What is meant by fluidisation? Using schematic diagram explain packed bed
and fluidised bed biofilm reactors?
3.a) Describe the use of antifoam in industrial fermentation indicating the
principle.
b) Give examples of antifoam agents used in fermentation industry.
4. Describe Arrhenius plot for the calculation of activation energy and derive an
expression for heat sterilisation of a pure culture at a constant temperature.
5.a) Explain the available electron balances with appropriate examples.
b) Explain various yield coefficients of biomass and product formation by taking
an example.
6. Explain the following terms
a) Transamination
b) Energy and heat in metabolic reactions
c) Energy capture efficiency.
7.a) Enumerate the difference between the cell growth in batch and continuos
cultures.
b) Explain the kinetics of microbial growth.
8. Describe growth associated product formation with equation.
= + = + =
Set No.
2
Code No: RR-222302
II B.Tech. II-Semester Supplementary Examinations, Nov/Dec-2004
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
- - -
1.a) Compare protozoa with algae in terms of their cellular structure and functions.
b) Explain the major biological functions of proteins.
2. Derive an expression for estimating the heat transfer area required to obtain
adequate temperature control in a fermentor.
3. What are the factors influencing the choice of nitrogen source?
4. Describe the design features of continuous sterilisation processes.
5.a) Describe the process of product formation with appropriate example.
b) Explain the maintenance coefficient with example.
6. Discuss about the partial oxidation and its end products with an example.
7. Explain the difference between the aerobic and anaerobic growth.
8. Give brief notes on structured models for growth and product formation with
relevant examples.
= + = + =
Set No.
3
Code No: RR-222302
II B.Tech. II-Semester Supplementary Examinations, Nov/Dec-2004
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
- - -
1.a) Draw a schematic diagram of continuous rotary vacuum filter and explain the
working principle.
b) Write a note on coagulation and flocculation.
2. Give the material balance in a chemostat with recycle and derive an expression
for the cell concentration in the recycle stream.
3.a) Explain the use of water as an important constituent for fermentation.
b) Describe the use of buffers for media preparation in fermentation.
4. Derive the mathematical expression for Nutrient Quality Criterion (Q) in
continuous sterilisation and describe the graphical method to optimise
temperature-time regime.
5. Enumerate the difference between the stoichiometry of cell growth and
product formation.
6. Briefly specify major function of the TCA cycle.
7. Explain Monod model application in the bioprocess engineering along with
applications.
8. Describe growth and non-growth associated products formation with
equations.
= + = + =
Set No.
4

BIO-PROCESS ENGINEERING-I-REG 2K4

Code No: RR-222302
II-B.Tech. II-Semester Regular Examinations, April/May-2004
BIO-PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
- - -
1.a) What is chromatography? Explain the important chromatographic methods.
b) Draw the schematic diagram of a typical chromatography column and explain the
working principle giving the general material balance.
2.a) What is Baker’s yeast? Explain briefly the process for producing Baker’s yeast.
b) What is High-Fructose Corn syrup? What are the commercial uses? Describe the
process for producing high-fructose corn syrup.
3. Explain the important points to be considered for medium formulation.
4. What is meant by filter sterilization? Explain its application in media sterilization.
5. Explain the concept of Degree of Reduction and its application in proton-electron
balance in biorector.
6. Explain the transfer of bioenery via ATP.
7. Enumerate various environmental conditions that effect the growth kinetics.
8. Explain the substrate and product inhibition on the product formation with
appropriate examples.
^^^
Set No:
1
Code No: RR-222302
II-B.Tech. II-Semester Regular Examinations, April/May-2004
BIO-PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
- - -
1.a) What are the important parameters to be considered for selecting a solvent in
liquid-liquid extraction for inhibitory products?
b) Draw the flow diagram and write the material balance of a single stage extraction
system and derive an expression for extraction factor.
2.a) What are the commercial uses of acetone and butanol? Name the species and
substrates used for acetone-butanol production.
b) Draw the flow diagram for the process for acetone-butanol production. Name the
other fermentation products, and micronutrients used in the process.
3. Give the composition of four industrially important media used in industrial
fermentation.
4. Describe the methods for sterilizing air in aerobic fermentors.
5. Explain in detail the stoichiometry involved in the cell growth and product
formation.
6. Enumerate the aerobic catabolism of glucose with emphasis on energetics.
7. Enumerate in detail various environmental conditions that affect the growth
kinetics.
8. Briefly discuss about the structured models for product formation and compare
with growth.
^^^
Set No:
2
Code No: RR-222302
II-B.Tech. II-Semester Regular Examinations, April/May-2004
BIO-PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
- - -
1.a) Explain aqueous two phase extraction and its application in product recovery.
Give examples.
b) Describe adsorption giving the schematic flow diagram and explain the industrial
application.
2.a) Describe the process for ethanol production explaining the stoichiometry, names
of organisms, substrates, and process conditions.
b) Discuss the commercial uses of ethanol.
3. Describe the use of precursors and metabolic regulators in media preparation.
4.a) Describe the methods for sterilizing fermenters.
b) Explain the methods of sterilizing variety of additives administered during the
process of fermentation.
5. Discuss in detail the stoichiometry of the product formation with an example.
6. What are the major steps in aerobic metabolism of hydrocarbons? What are the
end products?
7. Explain specific growth rate with relevant equations.
8. Enumerate difference between growth and non-growth associated product
kinetics.
^^^
Set No:
3
Code No: RR-222302
II-B.Tech. II-Semester Regular Examinations, April/May-2004
BIO-PROCESS ENGINEERING-I
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
- - -
1.a) Draw a generalized flow sheet for fermentation process indicating the important
upstream and downstream sections.
b) Describe the factors for the cost analysis of a industrial fermentation process.
2.a) Describe the status and details of animal cell culture, the medium compositions,
process conditions, contaminants, and major products involved.
b) What is meant by plant tissue culture? Explain the commercial importance of
plant tissue culture giving examples of major products.
3. Describe in detail the theory of oxygen requirement and supply in industrial
fermentation.
4. An autoclave malfunctions, and the temperature reaches only 119.5 oC. The
sterilization time at the maximum temperature was 20 minutes. The jar contains
10 litre of complex medium that has 105 spores/lit. At 121 oC specific death rate
(kd) = 1.0 min-1 and activation energy for the death (E0d) = 90 kcals/g-mol. What
is the probability that the medium was sterile?
5. Enumerate the elemental material balance growth with an example.
6. Differentiate the heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolism emphasis on
energetics.
7. Discuss in detail the kinetics of microbial growth and substrate consumption.
8. Critically evaluate the application of Leudejking-Piret model in bioprocess
engineering.
^^^
Set No:
4

NEUROBIOLOGY AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES-SUPLLY 2K7

Code No: RR422305 Set No.1
IV B.Tech. II Semester Supplementary Examinations, June -2007
NEUROBIOLOGY AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. What are the main components of central nervous system and explain their func-
tions. [16]
2. Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system-discuss. [16]
3. Describe the mechanism of nerve impulses and explain the transmission of a nerve
impulse across a synapse. [16]
4. Discuss about the multiple sclerosis in the light of its symptoms, pathogenecity and
therapeutic use of drugs. [16]
5. Discuss the neuronal mechanism of behaviour among humans. [16]
6. Write about the following:
(a) What is a neurotransmitter and how it works.
(b) What are the differences between somatic and visceral nervous system. [8×2=16]
7. What is epilepsy? Discuss its symptoms, pathogenecity and therapeutic use of
drugs. [16]
8. Write short notes on any four of the following:
(a) Glial cells
(b) Sodium potassium pump
(c) All or none principle
(d) Cerebral palsy
(e) Membrane potential
(f) Voltage gated ion channels. [4×4=16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR422305 Set No.2
IV B.Tech. II Semester Supplementary Examinations, June -2007
NEUROBIOLOGY AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Discuss about the peripheral nervous system and explain their functions. [16]
2. Explain the structure and functions of neuron and discuss the types of neuron.
3. Explain in detail the transmisssion of a nerve impulse along an axon. [16]
4. Discuss with examples the genetic basis of neurological disorders. [16]
5. Discuss the neuronal mechanism of behaviour in various environments. [16]
6. Write about the following:
(a) Discuss the functions of cerebrospinal fluid
(b) Sodium potassium pump. [8×2=16]
7. Explain the neuronal circuits in nervous system. [16]
8. Write short notes on any four of the following:
(a) glial cells
(b) Synapse
(c) Neurotransmitter
(d) All or none principle
(e) Membrane potential
(f) Polarisation. [4×4=16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR422305 Set No.3
IV B.Tech. II Semester Supplementary Examinations, June -2007
NEUROBIOLOGY AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Explain in brief the organisation of the nervous system in humans. [16]
2. Define synapse and how do postsynapatic and presynaptic neurons differ. [16]
3. What is a hormone. Explain how hormones effect neuronal function with examples.
[16]
4. What is Parkinson’s disease. Discuss its symptoms, pathogenecity and therapeutic
use of drugs.
5. Discuss the neuronal mechanism of behaviour in animals. [16]
6. Write about the following:
(a) What are the differences between somatic and visceral nervous system.
(b) What is a neurotransmitter and how does it work. [8×2=16]
7. Discuss in detail the structure and functions of neuron. [16]
8. Write short notes on any four of the following:
(a) Nerve impulse
(b) Glial cells
(c) Sodium potassium pump
(d) Myathenia gravis
(e) All or none principle
(f) Neuronal circuits. [4×4=16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1
Code No: RR422305 Set No.4
IV B.Tech. II Semester Supplementary Examinations, June -2007
NEUROBIOLOGY AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES
(Bio-Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1. Discuss in detail the main components of central nervous system and explain their
functions. [16]
2. What are glial cells and their main functions. Describe the types and functions of
neuroglial and peripheral glial cells. [16]
3. What is a sensory receptor and what are the basic characters of sensory receptors.
Correlate the sensory functions with nervous system. [16]
4. Discuss the therapeutic use of drugs for various nervous system disorders. [16]
5. Discuss how nervous system play a role in the behaviour of an organism. [16]
6. Write about the following:
(a) Sodium-potassium pump
(b) What is a neurotransmitter and how it works. [8×2=16]
7. Discuss the effects of aging on the nervous system. [16]
8. Write short notes on any four of the following:
(a) Neuron
(b) Synapse
(c) Polarisation
(d) All or none principle
(e) Threshold stimulus
(f) Action potential. [4×4=16]
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆
1 of 1